Why Are Housewives Undervalued?

By LIKHAVEER ! INNLIVE 

When art and literature turn their lens on the drudgery of housewifery, it can be elevating.

I keep one quivery toe in the workforce only so I don’t have to suffer the ignominies of saying “I’m a housewife” at cocktail parties. Or as film and television critic Aneela Babar once said hilariously, “Arre baba, poora naam batao, ‘Just A Housewife’” The word to describe “a married woman whose main occupation is caring for her family, managing household affairs, and doing housework” is “sometimes offensive” the internet dictionaries warn. I know internet dictionary, I know.

It would not be better, but it would still be something, if the nitty-gritty of housewifery – the cooking, cleaning, stocking, standard caring, elderly and recuperative caring, laundry, planning for celebrations, religious rituals, etc. – was only expected out of those who were indeed mothers or wives. However, even financially independent single women are still expected to facilitate the household – handling a majority of the care of their ailing elderly, managing maintenance and domestic staff with a sharp-suit face on at all times.

A study on the division of labour at home by the Maryland Population Research Center found that “in 2012, single women with no children still did twice as much cooking, cleaning and laundry as single men”, with those women spending 13 minutes on laundry and 31 minutes on cleaning per day. Men did only seven and 17 minutes, respectively. But those are American statistics.

Indian men best these numbers, unsurprisingly. A report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, a global policy forum, pegs their contribution to housework at an incredible 19 minutes versus the glorious 11 hours spent every day sleeping, eating, watching TV and, in a nod to our national bird, preening! (This is the most anyone spends on getting pretty in the world!) I understand this. I mean who wants to bust a manicure doing the dishes? The grooming however is not to beguile their partners, but because they feel they’re worth it.

There would be no point in telling desi guys that men who share housework have better sex lives when two surveys on Global Sexual Wellbeing by the condom brand Durex tag Indian men as “quickest” on the job (in the sheets, not washing them) and rating themselves quite high on the “exciting” and “satisfaction” charts.

Contributions to the economy
Anecdotally, I would say I have met very few fathers or sons who have chosen to give up thriving careers to be full-time carers for their children or elders. Yet, while these men are held up as precious examples of social evolution (and they are), women who do the caring every day must brace themselves to be constantly reminded, not least by other working women, that their work at home is unproductive and a waste of their intellectual resources.

It may have something to do with the fact that, in general, cheap labour seems to reinforce the idea that domestic work can be done by just about anyone. This line of thinking attributes its value – even for something as potentially complex and determinant as nannies and childcare or nurses and elder care – more to the employer’s ability to increase their earning potential (having been released from the drudgery of the home) rather than in terms of the value received by those cared for. (I suspect the discussion is not encouraged not only because it is difficult to quantify the experience of a hired carer vs a parent – in this case, mother – but also because it is a minefield for women who struggle with expectations, guilt and logistics, social and otherwise, over their decisions to go back to work full time.)

In recent years there have been many attempts to place a monetary value on the work done at home. It is an impossible task of course – itemising the hundreds of components that go into the functioning of a household itself, constantly adjusting values to take into account growing children, location shifts, the financial status of the family, etc. Even after assigning a low estimate for the market value of basic household chores in a report titled Women’s Economic Contribution through Their Unpaid Household Work: The Case of India, researchers valued their contribution at $612.8 billion or 61% of the Gross Domestic Product. Every time I clean the fridge now I make sure I inform my children about my contribution to the economy.

I’m being facetious of course, but even in discussions on how women’s participation can boost GDP, the conversation is about creating more support services to “improve productivity”, implying that these women who run their own homes are currently unproductive.

That the conversation and debate about the value of domestic work is not new is both reassuring and dispiriting. We are making very slow progress whether we Lean In or choose not to have it all.

A complex art
Still, when art and literature turn their lens on the drudgery, it can be elevating. In 1935, the author and illustrator Wanga Gag published Gone is Gone, a gentle telling of a farmer who trades places with his wife for a workday and gets an unequivocal lesson in the value of her work.

Author Ursula K Le Guin likened housekeeping to other complex arts like piano-playing or story-writing, the mastery of which involved skills, choices of method and secrets, some teachable and some only hard-won from repetitive, methodical practice.

There are other examples too, but recently, I have come across two delightful celebrations of housework in art. A series of photographs by artist Sally Gall elevates laundry on the line with a sensuous fluidity. And a gigantic grocery list featuring familiars like paper towels, bananas, Nutella, is immortalised in granite. Called Memorial, the artist David Shrigley in New York acknowledges that memorials are for grander things, “But for most of us, what are the noble deeds of our lives?” What indeed.

I like to think that the idea is not just to acknowledge the contribution of unpaid work at home as something that facilitates the big machine but also to examine our biases towards women who grudgingly or otherwise make the choice (or maybe even more importantly, who didn’t have the choice but) to acquiesce to somewhat traditional roles.

And not just when you’re talking to them at home… but even at cocktail parties.

Five Questions And An Appeal: An Open Letter By Dr Zakir Naik’

By M H AHSSAN ! INNLIVE

'If you’ve decided to target a community,' says the televangelist, 'you’ve to first target the biggest name and the most popular figure of the community.'

Controversial Islamic televangelist Zakir Naik has been under scrutiny for allegedly inspiring militants behind the Dhaka café attack on July 1, though the Bangladesh newspaper which had been quoted as having made the allegation came out with a categorical denial and said “it did not report that any terrorist was inspired by Zakir Naik to kill innocent people.”

The Centre had ordered an investigation into the funding sources for Naik’s Islamic Research Foundation and also warned cable TV operators of penalties if they broadcast his channel, Peace TV, which, incidentally, was also banned by Bangladesh.

It was later reported that the IRF may be listed as an “unlawful organisation” in India, and the Centre was likely to file terror charges against him for allegedly motivating more than 50 people accused in various militant activities including the Dhaka restaurant attack.

Naik and his organisation should be booked under anti-terror law for hate speech, Solicitor General Ranjit Kumar was reported to have told the Narendra Modi government.

The IRF had donated Rs 50 lakh to the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation in 2011, it was revealed on Friday. Officials said this was one of the irregularities ignored by a few Home Affairs Ministry offcials, for which they may be suspended forrenewing the IRF’s foreign funds licence.

On Saturday morning, Naik released what he called “Five Questions and an Appeal: An open letter to Indians” with the broad theme that “if you’ve decided to target a community, you’ve to first target the biggest name and the most popular figure of the community”.

After having thus assumed this mantle of being "the biggest name and the most popular figure of the [Indian Muslim] community", Naik went on to add: “If you can bring down and demonise this figure of the community, the rest becomes a cakewalk. That, I think, is what is happening. It may sound like a conspiracy theory, but I honestly cannot find any other plausible reason.”

"If the government can misuse its authority on a popular figure like me," Naik says in the letter strewn with quotations from the Quran, "average Muslims don’t stand a chance. And we’re talking about 20 crores of them."

But apart from seeking to play the victim card on religious grounds, Naik raises questions that assert the need for due process. "I’m open to any investigation," the letter adds. "Have always been and will always be."

The full text of his letter is given below.

‘Five Questions and an Appeal: An open letter to Indians by Dr Zakir Naik’

It has been over two months since the ghastly terror attack in Dhaka, and over one month since I’ve been asking myself what exactly have I done to become the enemy number one of the media as well as the State and Central Government. For someone who has spent 25 years in promoting peace, spreading greater awareness of Islam and talking about similarities between religions and condemning injustices, the last two months have been a rude shock to me. A shock of immense proportions. I’m not only disappointed in the way things are being conducted but alarmed at where they are heading.

I’m alarmed at the murder of democracy and strangulation of fundamental rights and the precedence it is setting for times to come. I’m also alarmed at how the system, media and the agencies are being used to suit a pre-meditated end result set by none other than our own governments, governments that have taken an oath to uphold the Constitution of India, and a Constitution that allows me the freedom to profess, practice, and propagate any religion I follow. Let’s not be gullible enough to assume that there isn’t a deeper agenda behind this vicious campaign. This is not just an attack on me, it’s an attack against Indian Muslims. And it’s an attack against peace, democracy and justice.

‘Those to whom the people said: surely men have gathered against you therefore fear them, but this increased their faith, and they said:Allah is sufficient for us and most excellent is the protector.’ – Al-Qur’an 3:173

From what I understand, IRF and I have been set up for a ban. Never mind the fact that the legal agencies have found no wrongdoing – financial or otherwise. Never mind the lack of evidence (although I am not guilty of any wrong-doing, much less any offence whatsoever). At least this is what is evident from the media stories being ‘planted’ since the past several weeks.

The message is clear: it’s not a question of whether I’ve committed a crime or not. It’s a question of using desperate measures to kill peace and harmony. And a ban is now imminent. It may happen in days or weeks but the writing is clear on the wall. IRF and I have been set up for a ban. Unless of course, better sense prevails and the ban machinery set in motion is stopped. And if that happens, if IRF and I are banned, it will be the biggest jolt to the country’s democracy of recent times. I do not say this just for me but because this ban will set a precedence of unspeakable injustices against the 20 crore Muslims of India. This action will embolden and encourage every fringe element in the country to do as they please. If you thought intolerance increased in the country recently, this action of the government will take it to an all-time high. The Muslim population is already feeling threatened and insecure and I can’t even imagine how they will feel after this action. Muslims are bound to think that today it is Zakir Naik, tomorrow it could be any one of them. But I still can’t stop asking myself – why am I being targeted? Then I realised some time back that if you’ve decided to target a community, you’ve to first target the biggest name and the most popular figure of the community. If you can bring down and demonize this figure of the community, the rest becomes a cakewalk. That, I think, is what is happening. It may sound like a conspiracy theory, but I honestly cannot find any other plausible reason. Right from the beginning of July, I tried staying away from the current controversy. This was not the first time I was being targeted. For years, there have been groups who have opposed me. Instead of retaliating or reacting to them, I’ve felt it best to continue with my work and not pay attention to these detractors. That is what I tried doing even this time. But I soon realized that this time it was different. There was much greater media involvement, and a much deeper government’s involvement. I’m not privy to internal details so I do not know which came first – my opposition groups, the media or the government. But from what it looks like, this is the best concerted effort used against me so far.

‘...They strive in the way of Allah and do not fear the blame of the blamers. That is the favor of Allah, he bestows it upon whom he wills.’ – Al-Qur’an 5:54

I tried answering all the questions and allegations thrown at me. But soon a lot of my own questions started piling up in my mind. Two months into it, they’ve built up and I’m left with no choice but to pose these questions to you, to my fellow citizens. As my legal advisors evaluate things at their end, I write to all of you to tell you what I’ve been feeling for last two months. Let us keep the legalities aside. Though the witch hunt continues, and I know

I’ve not done anything wrong, either in my talks or in my finances, and till date the agencies have not found any wrong doing. But that is for the legal teams to sort out at both the ends. But here is what bothers me. Try asking these questions yourself and see if you can come up with coherent and logical answers to them –

[A] Why now?

I’ve been preaching for 25 years. Not just in India but across the world. What exactly did I do now to earn the tags of ‘terror preacher’, ‘Dr. Terror’ and ‘hate monger’? Of 150 countries where I’m respected and my talks are welcomed, I’m being called a terrorist influencer in my own country. What an irony. Why now, when I’ve been doing the same thing for over 25 years?

[B] Why repeat investigations?

Despite exhaustive investigations, not a single conclusive evidence of wrong doing was reported by any governmental agency. But now investigations are being asked to be repeated and continued. Why? Wasn’t the first investigation exhaustive enough? Did not they cover every aspect of my talks, every topic, every reply? Or is it because they could not find any wrongdoing? Is this a hunt to get something to indict me?

[C] Why renew, then cancel?

Why would the government renew IRF’s FCRA registration and then cancel it? It seems illogical. Is it because the renewal was against the laid down agenda of the government? Why would you suspend FCRA officials? Is it because they did things by the books and acted honestly without any bias or prejudice when they renewed IRF’s registration? Is it because they were not influenced by the political agenda of the MHA?

[D] Is there design to leaking confidential information of the government, solicitor general and the MHA?

Is there a design to leaking selective government documents to the media? The manner in which stories are being ‘planted’ in the media clearly suggests so. The one and only investigation report submitted till now remains inconclusive, but the solicitor general’s ‘judgment’ of banning IRF and I was duly leaked to the media. Why? Is there a ring fencing happening? Is this how IRF will be banned? By creating an atmosphere of ban? Rather than rely on proofs and evidences?

[E] Forced conversions? Really?

Isn’t it a well-known fact that in these modern days and times, average men and women cannot be forced to convert? But while chasing IRF for allegations of forced conversions, why are the agencies ignoring the most basic proof of forced conversions? Where is the converted person and where is his or her statement about how he or she was forcibly converted? Isn’t this person the most basic proof of forced conversion? If yes, why is the entire law enforcement machinery working on hearsay? Why is there no effort to gather the most basic proof that comes from the converted? It would be naïve to presume that the agencies mustn’t have tried. The fact is they tried and they couldn’t get proof of any forced conversion. The fact is, there never was forced conversions.

There are many more questions I have been seeking answers to but can’t find them. I know someone has the answers, but rather than dwelling upon it, I have an appeal to make, an appeal to my fellow countrymen, to all sane and sensible people of this great country. If you find any wrongdoing on my part, punish me by all means. Give me the harshest of punishments if I’ve wronged anyone. I’ve made this offer earlier too and I will repeat it again. I’m open to any investigation. Have always been and will always be.

‘They want to extinguish the light of Allah with their mouths, but Allah refuses except to perfect his light, although the disbelievers dislike it.’ – Al-Qur’an 9:32

Not only do I take my freedom seriously, I take my responsibilities even more seriously. The country’s democratic fabric is under attack. People are being arrested and put in jail for 7-10 years before being proven innocent by courts. But guilty or not guilty, their lives are ruined, their families are ruined, they remain unemployed, their daughters unmarried. This is what’s happening, and this is what needs to change. People’s lives cannot be played with. If the government can misuse its authority on a popular figure like me, average Muslims don’t stand a chance. And we’re talking about 20 crores of them.

I still have faith in the judiciary and I know that truth will ultimately prevail. But it may come at a huge price if the current actions are not checked now.

To all, my appeal is, do not allow subversion of the constitution. My appeal to the government – be fair in your investigation. Be fair in what you allege. Be truthful with facts. To my fellow citizens - Let no one and nothing dissuade you from speaking the truth. Whatever position you occupy, in authority or in media, or as a citizen of this great country, be truthful and fair. Nothing less, nothing more.

Perhaps if I am driven out of India, Allah will open up doors for me better than I could have ever imagined. Many countries would welcome this humble servant of God with red carpet treatment. But this isn’t only about me. It’s about us. It’s about the morals and values of a great country. What will become of India if we let bigotry and injustice seep into the very fabric of our nation? What will be the fate of our country if it falls into the stranglehold of such vices? The answer is frightening, and one we all wish to avoid. It’s time we do something about it.

In these times, my heart bursts with gratitude to those of you who have stood up for justice and harmony, irrespective of religion or creed. Because I know that like me, you care for this country. You care for core values like justice and tolerance. And that shall make a big difference.

'Isn’t Allah sufficient for his servant? And yet they seek to frighten you with those besides him?' – Al-Qur’an 39:36

To my Muslim brothers and sisters, I have this to say: Do not let trials such as these weaken your resolve, and know that the promise of Allah is true. Remember the faith that resonated among the earlier people, of whom Allah said, “’Those to whom the people said: Surely men have gathered against you, therefore fear them, but this increased their faith, and they said: Allah is sufficient for us and most excellent is the Protector.’ (Al-Qur’an 3:173) Didn’t He give victory to His Messenger (SAAWS) when the polytheists deployed every tactic and exhausted every strategy, trying in vain to suppress the Truth? Aren’t the pages of history overflowing with examples such as these? Allah says, “They want to extinguish the light of Allah with their mouths, but Allah refuses except to perfect His light, although the disbelievers may dislike it.’ (Al-Qur’an 9:32)

My humble efforts to spread the truth are but a drop in the ocean, and these trials are but a speck of dust compared to what was endured by the people of old. I pray that Allah accepts our efforts and makes us of those about whom He said, ‘...they strive in the way of Allah and do not fear the blame of the blamers. That is the favor of Allah, He bestows it upon whom He wills.’ (Al-Qur’an 5:54)

Whatever the outcome, I am assured that the best efforts to squash our work will only help it rise higher and stronger. For Allah says, ‘They plot and plan, and Allah too plans. And the best of planners is Allah.’ (Al-Qur’an 3:54) Beshaq . Without doubt.

Sincerely yours,

Dr. Zakir Naik


FORGET SOFTWARE—NOW HACKERS ARE EXPLOITING PHYSICS

By SARAH WILLIAMS ! INNLIVE

PRACTICALLY EVERY WORD we use to describe a computer is a metaphor. “File,” “window,” even “memory” all stand in for collections of ones and zeros that are themselves representations of an impossibly complex maze of wires, transistors and the electrons moving through them. But when hackers go beyond those abstractions of computer systems and attack their actual underlying physics, the metaphors break.

Over the last year and a half, security researchers have been doing exactly that: honing hacking techniques that break through the metaphor to the actual machine, exploiting the unexpected behavior not of operating systems or applications, but of computing hardware itself—in some cases targeting the actual electricity that comprises bits of data in computer memory. And at the Usenix security conference earlier this month, two teams of researchers presented attacks they developed that bring that new kind of hack closer to becoming a practical threat.

Breaking Assumptions
Both of those new attacks use a technique Google researchers first demonstrated last March called “Rowhammer.” The trick works by running a program on the target computer, which repeatedly overwrites a certain row of transistors in its DRAM flash memory, “hammering” it until a rare glitch occurs: Electric charge leaks from the hammered row of transistors into an adjacent row. The leaked charge then causes a certain bit in that adjacent row of the computer’s memory to flip from one to zero or vice versa. That bit flip gives you access to a privileged level of the computer’s operating system.

It’s messy. And mind-bending. And it works.

Rowhammer and similar attacks could require both hardware and software makers to rethink defenses based on purely digital models. “Computers, like all technologies really, are built in layers that make assumptions of one another. Think of a car, assuming its wheels roll and absorb shocks, and don’t melt into goop when they get wet,” says security researcher Dan Kaminsky, who found a fundamental flaw in the Internet’s domain name system in 2008. “What’s interesting about networked technology is the fact that those assumptions can be attacked.”

Last year, Thomas Dullien (one of the inventors of the technique, perhaps better known by his hacker handle Halvar Flake) and his fellow Google researchers showed that they could use electricity leakage to flip crucial bits in the DRAM memory of a set of laptops, the first proof that charge leakage could be predictable and exploitable. Researchers in Austria and France followed up a few months later to show the attack could be enabled by javascript code running in a browser.

Those variations on Rowhammer, along with the newest ones presented at Usenix, show that the hacker world is increasingly focused on techniques that break those fundamental assumptions of computing. “Rowhammer is just scratching the surface,” says Dullien. “This has the potential to be a gigantic field of research.”

Making Rowhammer Practical and Specific
The latest attacks take Rowhammer in a new direction, applying it to cloud computing services and enterprise workstations rather than consumer PCs. One attack by a group of Ohio State researchers used the technique to hack Xen, the software used to partition computing resources on cloud servers into isolated “virtual machines” rented to customers. The hack breaks out of those virtual machines to control deeper levels of the server.

A second paper by Dutch and Belgian researchers achieves a similar effect, and also shows a new way to use Rowhammer more reliably. It exploits a feature called “memory de-duplication” that combines identical parts of virtual machines’ memory into a single place in the memory of a physical computer. On the Dell workstation the researchers tested, they could write data into the memory of a virtual machine and then use that data to locate and “hammer” the physical transistors underlying not just those bits of data, but the identical bits on someone else’s virtual machine running on the same computer.

The trick, which the researchers call “Flip Feng Shui,” allowed the group to pull off highly targeted hacks, like sabotaging an encryption key so that they could later decrypt a target’s secrets. “It’s less like a flamethrower and more like a sniper rifle,” says Ben Gras, one of the researchers at the University of Vrije who came up with it.¹

A New Level of Stealth
Rowhammer is far from the only new hacking technique that exploits computers’ physical properties. Proof-of-concept malware shown off by Israeli researchers over the summer, for instance, uses the sound ofcomputers’ cooling fans orhard drive motors to transmit stolen data as audio. Another group of Israelis showed last year they could use just $300 of handheld equipment to extract encryption keys from a computer by monitoring the radio emissions leaked by its processor’s power use.

But as with Rowhammer, the most disturbing physical hacks are microscopic. University of Michigan researchers have been able to build a secret backdoor into a single cell—a collection of transistors less than a thousandth of the width of a human hair—among billions on a modern microchip. When a hacker who knows about the backdoor’s existence runs a certain program, it causes that cell to pick up charge from nearby transistors and induce a certain bit to flip, just as in the Rowhammer attacks. The result is an ultra-stealthy physical sabotage technique that’s virtually impossible to detect with digital security measures. “It’s operating outside of the Matrix,” says Matthew Hicks, one of the Michigan researchers, who described the technique to WIRED in June.

This kind of exploitation of hardware means that no software update can help. Researchers have identified one countermeasure to Rowhammer’s memory charge leakage: a feature of DRAM called “error-correcting code” constantly corrects abnormal levels of charge in any particular transistor. More widely implementing that feature in computer memory could head off current implementations of the Rowhammer attack.

But Dullien warns that DRAM is just one potential target.  “Lots of things—chips, hard disks, whatever—are designed to be OK in the average case but probably not when they’re given adversarial input,” he says. “We don’t know where the next broken piece of hardware will show up. But that’s why everyone’s so excited about researching this more.” Computer scientists may soon find their machines aren’t just vulnerable in ways they haven’t considered, but in ways their digital models don’t even allow them to imagine.

¹Correction 5:30 pm EST 8/31/2016: An earlier version of the story stated that the “Flip Feng Shui” technique applied to a Dell server, not a Dell workstation, and could be used to alter the generation of an encryption key, when in fact they showed it could be used to alter a pre-existing “public key” so that messages encrypted with that altered public key could be decrypted without the private key.

India In Midst Of Lentil Glut: About Two Lakh Tonnes Of Dal Lie Idle As Price Of Pulses Plummets

By NEWSCOP | INNLIVE

After a prolonged spell of pulse poverty, the Centre is now striving to store an embarrassment of riches. 

About 1.76 lakh tonnes of imported stock coupled with a lack of interest from states to pick up their allotted share have left the government weighing its options to stow the supply. Apart from this, domestic procurement has also reached 1.20 lakh tonnes.

Reliance Jio Bombshell: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly

By M H AHSSAN | INNLIVE

We need low-cost connectivity everywhere for users to feel that the cost of trying out the internet is low. The fact that Jio is going to be free till the end of the year is exactly what the incumbent telecom operators should have done: give people a taste of the internet, and then let them pay for it. We hope this brings people online by the millions. We need the internet everywhere in India.

Olympic Concerns: Why Calls To Build A Sporting Culture Are Just Another Version Of Jingoistic Nationalism?

By M H AHSSAN | INNLIVE

It is little more than a cruel joke to suggest that India lacks sporting prowess because of the lack of a sporting culture.

We are about to lock up the largely empty medals cupboard for another four years. Small-town women and men will go back to their small towns, though some may manage a well-deserved escape from their generally hard lives through participation in the Olympics.

Is 'Finisher' MS Dhoni Losing His Finishing Touch?

By NEWSCOP | INNLIVE

India's 1-run loss in the 1st T20 International match against West Indies at Central Broward Regional Park Stadium Turf Ground, would be etched into the memories of skipperMahendra Singh Dhoni for long.

One doesn't generally sees the 'finisher MS Dhoni' fail to do what he's been doing for the side for the past decade.   

Bandit-Turned-Cow Vigilante Feels 'Gau Rakshaks' Are Worse Than The Thugs Of Chambal

By ASHISH KUMAR | INNLIVE

Former dacoit Renu Yadav became the general secretary of Gau Raksha Dal to serve the cow. She is now disillusioned.

In 2014, soon after Narendra Modi became prime minister, the Gau Raksha Dal cow protection outfit roped in former dacoit Renu Yadav and made her its general secretary in Uttar Pradesh, hoping to give a boost to its activities.

For some time, Yadav, driven by a desire for fame, conducted regular, ferocious raids against cattle traders in the state's Itawa-Auraiya-Kanpur belt.

Consumer Protection Bill Draft: Celebrities, Cos Face Same Punishment For Misleading Ads

By NEWSCOP | INNLIVE

Celebrities endorsing consumer goods and services may face the risk of being jailed in case of false or misleading claims if the new consumer protection law is cleared in the present shape.

The fresh draft of the Consumer Protection Bill prepared by the legislative department of the law ministry makes no distinction between manufactures/ service providers and celebrities when it comes to punishment for misleading advertisements.